Which factor is most likely to lead to increased pest populations?

High levels of environmental disturbance are likely to lead to increased pest populations due to the disruption of natural ecosystems and the conditions that pests thrive in. Environmental disturbances can include activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural practices that remove natural habitats and create new niches suitable for pests. These changes can eliminate natural predators and competitors, allowing pest species to expand rapidly without the usual checks and balances that would normally keep their populations under control.

In contrast, effective pest management strategies, consistent monitoring programs, and regular application of pesticides are designed to manage and reduce pest populations. Such measures work to create a balanced environment and mitigate conditions that would support pest proliferation. Therefore, when environmental disturbances increase, they can create an ideal situation for pest populations to grow uncontrollably.